Cloudera exited its downtown San Francisco office early last year with plans to sublease the space and move its employees south to the software company’s Silicon Valley headquarters.

But the pandemic left the company with nobody to take over the office, forcing it to take a substantial real estate write down.

At DoorDash’s nearby former headquarters, a tenant defaulted on rent a month into lockdown, resulting in lost income for the food delivery company, which was doubling as a landlord.

Airbnb said in its earnings report on Thursday that it took a $113 million impairment in the first quarter “related to office space in San Francisco that we deemed no longer necessary.”

Combined, those three companies have recorded nearly $200 million in real estate impairments in the past year after Covid-19 turned the Bay Area office market into a dead zone. That dollar figure swells to almost $1 billion when adding in lease-related write downs from large tech employers Salesforce, Dropbox, Uber, PayPal, and Zendesk.

While software and internet companies continued their stratospheric ascent in 2020, the plush offices they call home sat dormant, leaving San Francisco’s commercial real estate market with an unfamiliar supply glut. Much of the financial fallout was borne by the very tech companies that led a decade-plus bull market and expansion spree, snapping up massive amounts of space at record prices and often subleasing out full floors to start-ups and out-of-town businesses that were seeking a Bay Area outpost.

By the end of the first quarter of 2021, the amount of vacant sublease space in San Francisco had soared to 9.7 million square feet, up from about 3 million in late 2019, and accounted for 40% of all available commercial space in the city, according to commercial real estate firm Avison Young.

Mark Cote, co-founder of T3 Advisors, a tech-focused real estate firm that helps tenants with their growth plans, said that companies looking for an office in San Francisco have a rare opportunity over the next two to three quarters to get in at a discount. Unlike traditional landlords, which have been reluctant to drop lease prices, tech companies with excess space are sometimes willing to offer cut-rate rents and take the loss because they’ve already “faced the reckoning on the impairment,” Cote said.

“There’s a value window for tenants in San Francisco before the boomerang effect, where people and companies are going to come back,” said Cote, whose firm operates in Boston, New York and the Bay Area. “If you’re a sublandlord, you jump on an active tenant.”

Cote said companies paying $90 a square foot may offer subleases for $20 to $25 less and eat the difference. Robert Sammons, senior director of Northern California research at real estate firm Cushman & Wakefield, said that in addition to those discounts, companies are “layering on incentives such as free rent and additional tenant improvement allowances.”

Even with the discounts, it’s still not easy to find takers.

The Bay Area has been slow to reopen, and downtown San Francisco remains fairly hollow, even as vaccination rates in the city are among the highest in the country and Covid cases have plunged. Tech companies have stayed productive with employees working from home, alleviating the pressure to bring them back to the office and leading many to start planning for a hybrid future with less need for real estate.

The overall office vacancy rate in San Francisco climbed to 18.7% in the first quarter from 6% a year earlier, Cushman & Wakefield reported in its market overview for the period. That’s the highest since 2005, when the city was still recovering from the dot-com collapse. Numbers are similarly inflated in major markets like New York and Chicago, but those cities are less reliant on tech, the industry that’s gravitating most aggressively to remote work.

Prior to the pandemic, analytics company Cloudera had planned to move several hundred employees from its San Francisco and Palo Alto, California, offices into its headquarters just south in Santa Clara. When the shutdowns began, the move was underway but the company hadn’t yet found any replacement tenants, leaving the space empty.

With nobody to pay the rent, Cloudera had to take an impairment charge last year of $35.8 million. Mick Hollison, Cloudera’s president, said in an interview that the Palo Alto office “would have been anybody’s envy just a few short years ago and now it’s very difficult to sublease.”

Hollison said he expects about half of Cloudera’s employees to go back to the office in some capacity this year, but it’s likely that about 25% will be permanently remote and many others will only come in for part of the week.

“Our footprint will shrink over time,” he said.

Elsewhere in San Francisco, DoorDash took an $11 million impairment in the first three quarters of 2020. The app-based meal delivery company said in its IPO prospectus that a tenant’s business was disrupted by the coronavirus and it told DoorDash in April “that it would not be making any future monthly rent payment.”

Airbnb’s $113 million charge in the first quarter of 2021 adds to $35.8 million in lease impairments last year. The room-sharing company laid off about 25% of its employees a year ago as the travel market cratered.

After Uber slashed about 20% of its workforce early in the pandemic, the ride-hailing company, which had been rapidly expanding in San Francisco, found itself with way too much real estate. Uber said in its 2020 annual report that it “exited, and made available for sublease, certain leased offices, primarily due to the City of San Francisco’s extended shelter-in-place orders and our restructuring activities.” The company recorded lease-related impairments for the year of $94 million.

Uber had 824,000 square feet of available sublease space across four locations in San Francisco at the end of the first quarter, according to Cushman & Wakefield, by far the most of any company. Dropbox was second with 418,000 square feet, after the collaboration software company announced plans to go remote-first. Dropbox’s impairment last year was just shy of $400 million, followed by an additional $17.3 million charge in the first quarter.

Salesforce, San Francisco’s largest private employer, has 287,000 square feet available. The company took $216 in impairments last year due to “real estate leases in select locations we have decided to exit,” according to the company’s annual report.

However, Sammons said, activity is picking up. Tenant demand is at the highest since before the pandemic began, indicating that more companies are shopping for space. Sammons said that a direct lease (through a landlord) of 200,000 square feet is about to be announced, which will be the largest since the pre-Covid days.

“Some had pulled out and put on pause any sort of expansions, and we’re starting to see them re-enter the market,” Sammons said.

There’s also been recent movement in subleases. Design software company Figma just took over 100,000 square feet of downtown space from Credit Karma, which moved its headquarters to Oakland. And Dropbox has been finding takers for large chunks of its vacant space.

BridgeBio, a drug developer, recently took close to 53,000 square feet from Dropbox, and Vir Biotechnology, another life sciences company, agreed late last year to sublease about 134,000 square feet of the complex.

Vir’s price per square foot starts at $47.77 this year and rises 3% annually to $68.11 in 2032, according to the lease agreement. When Dropbox signed its original 15-year lease in 2017, the company agreed to pay $62 per square foot in year one, climbing to $93.78 in the final year. In leasing 736,000 square feet at that price, Dropbox was then reportedly signing the largest office deal ever in San Francisco.

While Dropbox may have to rely on discounts and other perks to lure potential tenants, the company is in a unique position to attract biotech firms. Its complex is in an area called Mission Bay that’s filled with medical centers and is zoned for life sciences companies.

Demand for space is so high in the booming biotech industry that earlier this year private equity firm KKR purchased the property for about $1.1 billion, with Dropbox still responsible for the remainder of its lease.

“Life sciences companies are now looking at the city because they see this opportunity,” Sammons said. The Dropbox building “has the floor plates and the floor plans, and everything is built and ready for life sciences companies.”

The sudden shift to what Dropbox is calling its “Virtual First” model has turned a cloud software company that was at the forefront of San Francisco’s emergence as a tech hub into one of the city’s biggest sublandlords. At its slimmed down headquarters and at other locations across the globe, Dropbox is maintaining some space for in-person collaboration and team gathering sessions.

Dropbox said in its latest quarterly report that while it expects to generate additional sublease income and save some money by going remote, “there is no guarantee that we will realize any anticipated benefits to our business.”

Other San Francisco-based tech companies like Twitter, Square and Okta have told employees they can work from anywhere now and into the future.

Still, T3’s Cote expects San Francisco to bounce back even if 20% or so of jobs are permanently remote. Tech employers will have to be more flexible and rational with their physical space, but they still want to be in the center of the action, he said.

“The main thing everyone has to remember is the talent of the labor force,” Cote said. “You can’t replicate that overnight.”

— CNBC’s Jordan Novet contributed to this report

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