It’s not uncommon for people to seek God during times of hardship. However, the opposite appears to have happened during the coronavirus pandemic, with more Americans leaving organized religion.

A Pew Research Center survey, released earlier this month, found 29% of U.S. adults said they had no religious affiliation, an increase of 6 percentage points from 2016, with the millennial generation leading that shift. A growing number of Americans said they are also praying less often. About 32% of those polled by the Pew Research from May 29 to Aug. 25 said they seldom or never pray. That’s up from 18% of those polled by the group in 2007.

“The secularizing shifts evident in American society so far in the 21st century show no signs of slowing,” said Gregory Smith, associate director of research at Pew Research Center, in a report on the findings.

The trend is pushing more faith leaders to find new ways to reach out and engage with millennials.

“I use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok, stories, all sorts of things to go to where people are, and that’s where a lot of young people are,” said the Rev. Joseph Martin.

Martin, 61, is a Jesuit Catholic priest in New York City and editor at large of America Magazine. He’s among the religious ministers who embraced social media at the height of the pandemic when places of worship were forced to shut their doors.

“I started these Facebook Live programs at the beginning of the pandemic because I felt that people were really lacking a sense of community. … Anything I can do to help people encounter God is important,” Martin said.

Even as churches reopen across the U.S., attendance has been slow to pick up. The median in-person attendance has dropped by 12% over the past 18 months, according to a study published in November that was led by the Hartford Institute for Religion Research.

While this trend is a cause for concern for the church, it also serves as a wake-up call for religious leaders to refine the way they connect with their members, Martin said.

“I think that it’s taken a while but most churches and religious organizations have realized this needs to be addressed,” said Martin.

At the East End Temple in New York City, Rabbi Joshua Stanton has given his sermons a jolt of energy.

“My sermons are getting shorter and shorter, and more and more open. And what I try to encourage people to do is discuss them with me. Argue about them. Navigate with them. And come and study together so that we can all share an understanding,” Stanton said.

Stanton, 35, is also creating more space for members to debate and argue with one another.

New York-based designer Fletcher Esbaugh, a recent Jewish convert, said debating is what he enjoys the most about East End Temple.

“The facets of the arguments and conflicts are super important. And I think that that’s certainly a pillar of Judaism … is that intellectual pursuit,” said Esbaugh.

While many millennials are leaving organized religion, Esbaugh embraced Judaism after being introduced to Jewish traditions through a couple of close friends many years ago. Esbaugh did not grow up religious but instantly felt a sense of belonging and fulfillment.

“I find a sense of spiritual and intellectual wholeness and an understanding of my place in the world through being Jewish. Continually asking questions and challenging ideas through Judaism fulfills me,” he added.

Younger Christian followers are flocking to Middle Collegiate Church on the Lower East Side of New York, where the Rev. Jacqui Lewis says no topic is off the table. She encourages her congregants — the majority of whom are millennials — to get involved and take a stand on political issues.

“We put social justice and democracy in the middle of faith in a way that really speaks to young folks,
said Lewis. “We’ve done an incredible amount of campaigning for the right to vote, the right to choose for women, immigrant rights, racial justice.”

While Lewis, a Christian reverend, said her teachings are inspired by the Bible, her approach is much more progressive, emphasizing spirituality and community, over scripture. On its website, Middle Collegiate said its church is “where therapy meets Broadway … where old time religion gets a new twist.”

While some critics may say this model is changing the traditional relationship Christians have with God, Lewis said that’s a good thing.

“That’s exciting to me, I’m trying to get God out of the box,” Lewis said.

Middle Collegiate Church’s congregation grew by 500 members during the pandemic — even though its actual 128-year-old church building was destroyed last year by a fire.

Congregant Parron Allen said he grew up in a conservative Christian household in Mississippi, but as a gay man, he struggled to feel accepted by his community.

“I was a Baptist Christian. And so the way we saw things — and the way they communicated — … you had to do things the way the Bible says literally. But I feel like the Bible and Jesus Christ believe in love no matter what. And I feel like I found that it at Middle. … It’s all about love — and love, period,” shared Allen.

Disagreements on where church doctrine stands on specific issues remains a struggle for a number of younger Catholics.

“When it comes to the Catholic church, there’s some significant differences between church teaching and what young Catholics think,” said Martin. “I think probably two of the biggest issues are women’s ordination and the way that the church treats LGBTQ people.”

“I think the difference is that maybe 25 years ago, people would have said, ‘Uh, how can I stay Catholic and have difficulties with church teaching?’ Now, I think, young people just say ‘I’m leaving,'” Martin said. “Right? There’s a lot less tolerance for what they see as behavior that is intolerant, according to them.”

Spiritual leader Deepak Chopra said, “Some of the things that we’re told in traditional religion don’t seem logical or rational, and more people are questioning these teachings.”

However, Chopra said, he believes the interest in belonging to a community and finding a connection has never been stronger.

“The pandemic showed us that people don’t like isolation. … [In] the absence of that human need for love, compassion, joy, sharing, attention, affection, appreciation, gratitude, … people panicked,” Chopra said.

Chopra, 75, is the author of 97 books with topics that range from Jesus and Buddha to the metaverse. He’s amassed a following around the world, and speaks at prominent events throughout the year. As the founder of the Chopra Foundation, he hosts retreats around the world where the spiritually minded come to heal, meditate and connect.

“The retreats are full,” he said. “We just finished one in Mexico. Another one in Los Angeles. People are flocking to these retreats.”

The events can cost thousands to attend. A week-long retreat planned for next month in Carefree, Arizona, is priced anywhere between $6,000 to $8,000. Chopra said people skip church to attend retreats. He said that while a drop in religious observance is raising questions about how society is changing, people are becoming more spiritual.

“The spiritual experience will never go away,” he said. “The need to find meaning and purpose in our existence will never go away. The need to resolve what is inevitable suffering will never go away.”

As the pandemic rolls on, the younger generation’s connection with spirituality is one way to foster a stronger connection, he said.

Philanthropist Megha Desai, a Hindu, grew up in Boston, but spent a considerable amount of time in India. She worshiped in beautiful temples in both countries. But Desai, who now lives in New York, said the pandemic has changed her relationship with religion, and prompted her to ask more questions.

“These last two years have certainly tested my faith,” Desai said. “As it’s hard to find sense in so many lives being taken from us.”

Desai still identifies as a Hindu, but said she’s become less religious.

“I approach my connection to God from a more spiritual place than through the vehicle of religion. … I think the Hindu rituals I do take part in are the festivals like Diwali, which connects me more to my culture than my faith,” said Desai, who runs the Desai Foundation, a nonprofit organization that organizes community and educational programs for women in India.

But the search to answer life’s hardest questions will continue, even if more of America’s youth leave organized religion, said Chopra.

“Some of the things that we’re told in traditional religion don’t seem logical or rational,” he said. “So people are leaving … but humans still have the same questions: Is there meaning or purpose in our existence? Why do we suffer?”